From bc04031dffe7dbc1a533e4d077c8b6c9bdde4f43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Petar=20Kapri=C5=A1?= <kayprish@bonsai.cool>
Date: Tue, 4 Feb 2025 21:35:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] Add solutions to exercises from section 1.3

---
 ex-1.29.scm | 22 +++++++++++++++
 ex-1.30.scm |  8 ++++++
 ex-1.31.scm | 25 +++++++++++++++++
 ex-1.32.scm | 13 +++++++++
 ex-1.33.scm | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 ex-1.34.txt |  4 +++
 ex-1.35.scm | 24 ++++++++++++++++
 ex-1.36.scm | 28 ++++++++++++++++++
 ex-1.37.scm | 11 ++++++++
 ex-1.38.scm | 16 +++++++++++
 ex-1.39.scm | 15 ++++++++++
 ex-1.40.scm |  7 +++++
 ex-1.41.scm | 12 ++++++++
 ex-1.42.scm |  4 +++
 ex-1.43.scm | 11 ++++++++
 ex-1.44.scm |  9 ++++++
 ex-1.45.scm | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 ex-1.46.scm | 24 ++++++++++++++++
 18 files changed, 353 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 ex-1.29.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.30.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.31.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.32.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.33.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.34.txt
 create mode 100644 ex-1.35.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.36.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.37.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.38.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.39.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.40.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.41.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.42.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.43.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.44.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.45.scm
 create mode 100644 ex-1.46.scm

diff --git a/ex-1.29.scm b/ex-1.29.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16dbb7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.29.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#lang sicp
+; (define (cube x) (* x x x))
+
+(define (sum term a next b)
+  (if (> a b)
+      0
+      (+ (term a)
+         (sum term (next a) next b))))
+
+(define (inc x) (+ 1 x))
+
+(define (simpson f a b n)
+  (define h (/ (- b a) n))
+  (define (add-h x) (+ x h))
+  (define (term i)
+    (cond ((= i 0) (f a))
+          ((= i n) (f b))
+          ((even? i) (* 2 (f (+ a (* i h)))))
+          (else      (* 4 (f (+ a (* i h)))))))
+  (* h
+     (/ 1.0 3)
+     (sum term 0 inc n)))
diff --git a/ex-1.30.scm b/ex-1.30.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ff401e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.30.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (sum term a next b)
+  (define (iter a result)
+    (if (> a b)
+        result
+        (iter (next a) (+ result (term a)))))
+  (iter a 0))
diff --git a/ex-1.31.scm b/ex-1.31.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1dc8b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.31.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (product term a next b)
+  (define (iter a result)
+    (if (> a b)
+        result
+        (iter (next a) (* result (term a)))))
+  (iter a 1))
+
+(define (pi-prod n)
+  (define (pi-term i)
+    (if (even? i)
+        (/ (+ i 2) (+ i 1))
+        (/ (+ i 1) (+ i 2))))
+  (product pi-term 1 inc n))
+
+;(define (inc x) (+ x 1))
+
+(define (factorial n)
+  (product identity 1 inc n))
+
+(define (product-rec term a next b)
+  (if (> a b)
+      1
+      (* (term a) (product-rec term (next a) next b))))
diff --git a/ex-1.32.scm b/ex-1.32.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a23718f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.32.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (accumulate combiner null-value term a next b)
+  (define (iter a result)
+    (if (> a b)
+        result
+        (iter (next a) (combiner result (term a)))))
+  (iter a null-value))
+
+(define (sum term a next b)
+  (accumulate + 0 term a next b))
+(define (product term a next b)
+  (accumulate * 1 term a next b))
diff --git a/ex-1.33.scm b/ex-1.33.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13007dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.33.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (filtered-accumulate combiner
+                             null-value
+                             term
+                             a
+                             next
+                             b
+                             pred?)
+  (define (iter a result)
+    (cond ((> a b) result)
+          ((pred? a) (iter (next a)
+                           (combiner result (term a))))
+          (else (iter (next a) result))))
+  (iter a null-value))
+
+(define (square x) (* x x))
+
+(define (smallest-divisor n) (find-divisor n 2))
+(define (find-divisor n test-divisor)
+  (cond ((> (square test-divisor) n) n)
+        ((divides? test-divisor n) test-divisor)
+        (else (find-divisor n (+ test-divisor 1)))))
+(define (divides? a b) (= (remainder b a) 0))
+(define (prime? n)
+  (= n (smallest-divisor n)))
+
+(define (prime-square-sum a b)
+  (filtered-accumulate + 0 square a inc b prime?))
+
+(define (gcd a b)
+  (if (= b 0)
+      a
+      (gcd b (remainder a b))))
+
+(define (rel-prime-product n)
+  (define (rel-prime-n? i)
+    (= (gcd i n) 1))
+  (filtered-accumulate * 1 identity 1 inc n rel-prime-n?))
diff --git a/ex-1.34.txt b/ex-1.34.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3085756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.34.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+(f f)
+(f 2)
+(2 2)
+Error: 2 is not a procedure
diff --git a/ex-1.35.scm b/ex-1.35.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef7e6c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.35.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define tolerance 0.00001)
+
+(define (fixed-point f first-guess)
+    (define (close-enough? v1 v2)
+        (< (abs (- v1 v2)) tolerance))
+    (define (try guess)
+        (let ((next (f guess)))
+            (if (close-enough? guess next)
+                next
+                (try next))))
+    (try first-guess))
+
+; below is phi
+;
+; proof: f(x) = 1 + 1/x
+; f(phi) = 1 + 1/((1+sqrt(5))/2) = 1 + 2/(1+sqrt(5)) =
+; (1+sqrt(5))/(1+sqrt(5)) + 2/(1+sqrt(5)) =
+; ( 3+sqrt(5) ) / (1+sqrt(5)) (multiply and divide by (1-sqrt(5)))
+; you get: (1+sqrt(5))/2 qed
+;
+(define phi (fixed-point (lambda (x) (+ 1 (/ 1 x))) 2.0))
+(define solution (lambda (x) (+ 1 (/ 1 x))))
diff --git a/ex-1.36.scm b/ex-1.36.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..747435b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.36.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#lang sicp
+(define tolerance 0.00001)
+(define (fixed-point f guess)
+  (define new-guess (f guess))
+  (cond ((< (abs (- guess new-guess)) tolerance)
+         (display new-guess)
+         (newline)
+         (f guess))
+        (else
+         (display new-guess)
+         (newline)
+         (fixed-point f new-guess))))
+
+; 34 steps without damping
+(define solution (fixed-point
+                             (lambda (x) (/ (log 1000)
+                                            (log x)))
+                             2.0))
+(newline)
+(newline)
+(newline)
+; 9 steps with average damping
+(define solution-damped
+        (fixed-point (lambda (x) (/ (+ x
+                                       (/ (log 1000)
+                                          (log x)))
+                                    2.0))
+                     2.0))
diff --git a/ex-1.37.scm b/ex-1.37.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8c1b9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.37.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (cont-frac n d k)
+  (define (cf-acc n d k i)
+    (if (= k i)
+        (/ (n i) (d i))
+        (/ (n i) (+ (d i) (cf-acc n d k (+ i 1))))))
+  (cf-acc n d k 0))
+
+; it takes exactly k = 10, for 1/phi to be estimated accurately up to the
+; 4th decimal
diff --git a/ex-1.38.scm b/ex-1.38.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ac5949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.38.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (cont-frac n d k)
+  (define (cf-acc n d k i)
+    (if (= k i)
+        (/ (n i) (d i))
+        (/ (n i) (+ (d i) (cf-acc n d k (+ i 1))))))
+  (cf-acc n d k 0))
+
+(define (e k)
+  (+ 2.0 (cont-frac (lambda (i) 1.0)
+                    (lambda (i)
+                      (if (= (remainder i 3) 1)
+                          (* 2.0 (/ (+ i 2) 3))
+                          1.0))
+                    k)))
diff --git a/ex-1.39.scm b/ex-1.39.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b8bfa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.39.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (cont-frac n d k)
+  (define (cf-acc n d k i)
+    (if (= k i)
+        (/ (n i) (d i))
+        (/ (n i) (+ (d i) (cf-acc n d k (+ i 1))))))
+  (cf-acc n d k 0))
+
+(define (tan-cf x k)
+  (cont-frac (lambda (i) (if (= i 0)
+                             x
+                             (- (* x x))))
+             (lambda (i) (+ 1.0 (* 2.0 i)))
+             k))
diff --git a/ex-1.40.scm b/ex-1.40.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb0e8a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.40.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (cubic a b c)
+  (lambda (x) (+ (* x x x)
+                 (* a x x)
+                 (* b x)
+                 c)))
diff --git a/ex-1.41.scm b/ex-1.41.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ee1afb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.41.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#lang sicp
+(define (double f)
+  (lambda (x) (f (f x))))
+
+; double doubles the function application, so when you do
+; (double double) you actually get back a function which performs
+; a (double (double f)) on a given f, in other words, it
+; applies f 4 times. When we do this three times,
+; (double (double double)) gives us a function, that for f gives
+; (double (double (double (double f)))), which actually
+; applies f sixteen times,
+; so the result is 5+16 = 21.
diff --git a/ex-1.42.scm b/ex-1.42.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1da57c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.42.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (compose f g)
+  (lambda (x) (f (g x))))
diff --git a/ex-1.43.scm b/ex-1.43.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39d1de2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.43.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (identity x) x)
+
+(define (compose f g)
+  (lambda (x) (f (g x))))
+
+(define (repeated f n)
+  (if (= n 0)
+      identity
+      (compose f (repeated f (- n 1)))))
diff --git a/ex-1.44.scm b/ex-1.44.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c0a8fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.44.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#lang sicp
+
+(define (smooth f)
+  (define dx 0.0001)
+  (lambda (x)
+    (/ (+ (f (- x dx))
+          (f x)
+          (f (+ x dx)))
+       3)))
diff --git a/ex-1.45.scm b/ex-1.45.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0ea076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.45.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#lang sicp
+; here, I will prove an upper bound on the number of average
+; dampings needed for a given n while calculating nth-root
+; in other words, you might need fewer damps than what i prove
+; but you definitely have enough damps with this method.
+
+; with n, we need the transform y -> x/y^(n-1)
+; one thing which will guarrantee convergence is that the
+; derivative of the transform is 0 < d < 1 AFTER the point of
+; convergence we're looking for, for example
+; derivative of this transform is for SQUARE ROOT is:
+; transf: y -> x/y
+; deriv:  -(x/y^2), which for y>=sqrt(x) will give us a number:
+; -1 <= N <= 0, so we can't guarrantee divergence.
+; when we average damp, the deriv becomes:
+; ( -(x/y^2) + 1 ) / 2, now it lands between 0 and 1.
+
+; for cube root, transform is y->x/y^2, deriv is:
+; -2(x/y^3), this lands in the range -2 < d < 0
+; if we damp it once, we get the range -0.5 < d < 0.5, so we
+; need to damp again to get the range 0.25 < d < 0.75
+
+; in general for calculating the nth-root, we need the
+; transform y -> x/y^(n-1), which will have the derivative:
+; -(n-1)(x/y^n), the derivative will for y>(nth-root x)
+; fall in the range -(n-1) < d < 0.
+; Note that when we average damp the function, this range
+; becomes -((n-1+1)/2) = -n/2 < d < 0.5, then
+; ((-n/2)+1) / 2 < d < 0.75
+; when we play around we see that for n-1 = 1, we only need
+; one damp, for n-1 = 2 or 3 we need two damps
+; for n-1 = 4 or 5 or 6 or 7, we need three, in general
+; for n >= 2, we need ceil(log2(n)), average damps
+
+; again, note, we might actually need fewer damps, this is
+; just and upper-bound, however, luckily, we can never
+; over-damp with this function when coming from the right
+; because the upper bound for the derivative values will
+; always be 0.5,0.75,0.875,.... < 1.
+; so with enought damping we can always get a range of derivs
+; in 0 < d < 1.
+
+(define (log2 x)
+  (/ (log x) (log 2)))
+
+(define tolerance 0.00001)
+
+(define (fixed-point f first-guess)
+    (define (close-enough? v1 v2)
+        (< (abs (- v1 v2)) tolerance))
+    (define (try guess)
+        (let ((next (f guess)))
+            (if (close-enough? guess next)
+                next
+                (try next))))
+    (try first-guess))
+
+(define (identity x) x)
+
+(define (compose f g)
+  (lambda (x) (f (g x))))
+
+(define (repeated f n)
+  (if (= n 0)
+      identity
+      (compose f (repeated f (- n 1)))))
+
+(define (average a b)
+  (/ (+ a b) 2))
+
+(define (average-damp f)
+  (lambda (x) (average x (f x))))
+
+; returns a procedure
+(define (nth-root n)
+  (let* ((damp-number (ceiling (log2 n)))
+         (damps (repeated average-damp damp-number)))
+    (lambda (x)
+      (fixed-point (damps (lambda (y)
+                            (/ x (expt y (- n 1)))))
+                   (exact->inexact x)))))
diff --git a/ex-1.46.scm b/ex-1.46.scm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcc8b47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ex-1.46.scm
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#lang sicp
+(define (iterative-improve good-enough?
+                           improve)
+  (define (rec-procedure guess)
+    (define new-guess (improve guess))
+    (if (good-enough? guess new-guess)
+        new-guess
+        (rec-procedure new-guess)))
+  rec-procedure)
+
+(define (square x)
+  (* x x))
+
+(define (average a b)
+  (/ (+ a b)
+     2))
+
+(define (sqrt x)
+  (define tolerance 0.000001)
+  (define (good-enough? guess)
+    (< (abs (- (square guess) x)) tolerance))
+  (define (improve guess)
+    (average guess (/ x guess)))
+  (iterative-improve good-enough? improve))